# TrueCalc Documentation

TrueCalc is a conformant spreadsheet formula evaluator — implements the full Google Sheets and Excel formula language in Rust, compiled to WebAssembly and published as an npm package (@truecalc/core) and Rust crate (truecalc-core). Use it to evaluate spreadsheet formulas in JavaScript, TypeScript, Rust, or any MCP-compatible environment.

## Learn

- [Learn TrueCalc](/learn): A beginner-to-advanced guide to spreadsheet formulas and workbooks with TrueCalc — no spreadsheet experience required.
- [Arrays and spill](/learn/arrays-and-spill): When one formula returns a whole grid of values, how that array spills from its anchor into a rectangle, what blocks a spill, and why spilled cells are never serialized.
- [Circular references](/learn/circular-references): What a circular reference is, why a spreadsheet cannot resolve one, how TrueCalc detects cycles instead of looping forever, and the error every cell on a cycle takes.
- [Formulas that depend on other cells](/learn/depending-on-other-cells): How one cell's formula reads another, what a dependency graph is, why evaluation order matters, and how TrueCalc derives precedents and dependents from your formulas.
- [Recalculation](/learn/recalculation): Editing a workbook with set/get/clear, what recalc does, full versus incremental recomputation, and how a RecalcContext makes volatile functions like NOW and TODAY deterministic.
- [Working with timezones](/learn/timezones): How zone-aware instants work, why the same wall-clock time in two zones is a different moment, and how to navigate DST safely.
- [Portability & version control](/learn/portability-and-version-control): Why a workbook that is a canonical JSON value object can live in Git — review spreadsheet changes in a pull request and track them like code.
- [Saving a workbook as JSON](/learn/saving-as-json): How a TrueCalc workbook serializes to JSON — the cross-surface contract, its canonical byte-identical form, and a field-by-field tour of the document.
- [What is a workbook?](/learn/what-is-a-workbook): Workbooks, worksheets, and cells — the three nested containers a spreadsheet is built from, and how TrueCalc models them as a plain value object.
- [Cell references and ranges](/learn/cell-references): A1 notation, how formulas read values from other cells, how TrueCalc's stateless evaluator binds references today, and where ranges fit in.
- [Cross-sheet references](/learn/cross-sheet-references): How formulas refer to cells on other worksheets — Sheet1!A1 notation, quoting sheet names, and TrueCalc's current support status.
- [Sheets vs Excel: choosing a dialect](/learn/dialects): Spreadsheet products disagree at the edges — date serials, the 1900 leap-year bug, function sets. Why TrueCalc requires an explicit dialect and never guesses.
- [Error codes](/learn/errors): The spreadsheet error values — what causes each one, how errors propagate through formulas, and how to catch or inspect them.
- [What is a formula?](/learn/formulas): Your first spreadsheet formula — what the = sign means, the arithmetic and text operators, and how to evaluate a formula with TrueCalc.
- [Functions](/learn/functions): How spreadsheet functions work — arguments, variadic functions, nesting, optional arguments, and what happens when you get the argument count wrong.
- [Named ranges](/learn/named-ranges): Why names beat coordinates — naming values for readable formulas, and how TrueCalc's bindings give you named values today.
- [Values and types](/learn/values-and-types): The value types a formula can produce — numbers, text, booleans, dates-as-numbers, the empty value — and how types coerce into each other.
- [Settings toggle — active row/column band tint](/learn/playground/active-row-column-bands): A Settings-panel checkbox lets the user opt IN to a whole-row/whole-column tint on the active cell's row and column (beyond the always-on header emphasis); the choice previews live and survives a reload. Off by default, matching Google Sheets.
- [Align cells and wrap text](/learn/playground/alignment): Horizontal (left/center/right) and vertical (top/middle/bottom) alignment plus text wrap are per-cell format attributes; the toolbar sets them (Ctrl+Shift+L/E/R for horizontal), an explicit alignment overrides the type-based default, and a wrapped cell grows its row to fit its lines.
- [Alternating (banded) colors](/learn/playground/alternating-colors): A repeating header/odd/even/footer fill pattern, applied over a range from the Format ▸ Alternating colors panel, colors the range immediately and keeps coloring it correctly as rows are inserted or deleted inside it. The panel previews every field edit on the grid immediately, before Done — Done only finalizes it as one undoable command, and Cancel discards the live preview entirely with no trace.
- [Autofill a series by dragging the fill handle](/learn/playground/autofill): Dragging the small square at the bottom-right of a selection down or right extends a detected pattern — a lone number or date increments by one step, two-or-more numbers/dates continue their observed step, a recognized weekday or month name advances through its list, and a formula's references shift exactly like a copy. Anything that isn't a recognized pattern repeats as a cycle, which is exactly a plain repeat for a single-cell source.
- [Rows grow to fit the tallest cell font](/learn/playground/autofit-row-height): Enlarging a cell's font grows its row to fit; reducing it (or clearing the cell) shrinks the row back.
- [Enter mode vs edit mode](/learn/playground/cell-editing-modes): Typing seeds a fresh value and arrows commit + move; F2 / Enter / double-click open the cell for editing so arrows move the caret; in a formula an arrow only steers a reference when the caret sits at a reference-valid position — so editing a formula never corrupts it.
- [A dense category axis stays readable](/learn/playground/chart-axis-labels): A chart whose categories are packed tighter than their labels are wide does not draw them on top of each other. The category axis climbs a ladder measured against the room it actually has — slant the labels to 45°, then stand them up at 90°, then drop to every Nth label — and cuts a label with an ellipsis rather than let the label band eat the plot. A band axis on the vertical side thins the same way but is never rotated; its gutter grows instead.

- [Insert a chart from a range](/learn/playground/chart-insert): Selecting a range and choosing Insert ▸ Chart charts it into a docked chart panel bound to that range — a header row becomes the series names, a blank cell plots as a gap rather than a zero, a cell's number format carries onto the value axis, and the whole insert undoes in one step. The panel shows whichever chart the active sheet holds, however it got there, so a chart stays on screen across a reload and View ▸ Show ▸ Show chart brings back one you closed.
- [Clear formatting + Paint format](/learn/playground/clear-paint-format): Ctrl+\ (or the toolbar "Tx" button) resets a range's format to default without touching its value; the toolbar Paint format roller copies one range's full format onto another (single click = one-shot, double click = sticky until Escape or re-clicking the roller).

- [Copy, cut, and paste](/learn/playground/clipboard): Copy adjusts references to the paste target; cut moves the range and rewrites every reference into it — inside the moved range or anywhere else on the sheet — to follow, with a dashed border marking a pending cut and no clipboard-permission prompt on paste.
- [Column and row resize (drag, auto-fit, and multi-select)](/learn/playground/column-row-resize): Dragging a column/row header border resizes it; double-clicking a border auto-fits it to content; resizing/auto-fitting one of several selected columns/rows (or a select-all) resizes them all together. Sizes persist across save/reload.
- [Command history panel](/learn/playground/command-history): A togglable side panel lists every committed operation with a human label, the cells it touched, and a timestamp; clicking an entry reverts the document to that state.
- [Command palette — search the menus](/learn/playground/command-palette): Alt+/ (Option+/ on Mac) opens a fuzzy-find search box over every active menu command; typing filters live, and picking a result runs it through the exact same seam the menu bar itself uses.
- [Conditional formatting (daily-driver slice)](/learn/playground/conditional-formatting): A single-condition value-comparison rule, a 2-stop color scale, or a custom-formula rule (an arbitrary boolean formula, checked per cell), applied over a range from the Format ▸ Conditional formatting dialog, colors matching cells live (tracking edits) without touching their value/formula; a rule undoes/redoes like any edit. The dialog ITSELF previews every field edit on the grid immediately, before Done — Done only finalizes it as one undoable command, and Cancel discards the live preview entirely with no trace.
- [Import data (CSV, TSV, custom separator, XLSX)](/learn/playground/data-import): Bring an external file into the grid — delimited text or a spreadsheet — with values, dates, and formulas coming in through the same coercion as typing, as one undoable step.
- [Data validation — List and Checkbox (daily-driver slice)](/learn/playground/data-validation): Data ▸ Data validation applies a rule over the selected range — a List of items (offered as an in-cell dropdown) or a Checkbox — as one undoable command. A "Reject input" rule silently refuses a literal that isn't allowed, leaving the cell unchanged; a "Show a warning" rule accepts it but flags the cell. A checkbox-covered cell renders and toggles as an actual checkbox on click.
- [Type a date and get a real date](/learn/playground/date-parsing): Typing a date string (7/15/2026, 2026-07-15, Jul 15 2026) stores a computable date serial and auto-formats the cell as a date — instead of leaving it as inert text.
- [Pick a date from a calendar](/learn/playground/date-picker): Double-clicking a date cell opens a calendar popover; picking a day writes that date (serial + date format) through the normal edit path — the Google Sheets affordance, not a text edit.
- [Format how a cell's value is displayed](/learn/playground/display-formatting): Show a number as currency, percent, a plain grouped number, or a date — and step its decimal places — without ever changing the underlying value.
- [Edit a cell](/learn/playground/edit): Type into a cell to set a literal or a formula; the formula is stored and its computed value is shown.
- [Editable formula bar](/learn/playground/editable-formula-bar): Click the formula bar to edit the active cell's value or formula — Enter commits and moves down, Escape reverts, and it shares the one in-cell editing model (enter/edit mode, point mode, reference highlighting).
- [Error cells show a diagnostic tooltip](/learn/playground/error-tooltip): Hovering or selecting a cell that resolves to an error shows a Sheets-style tooltip with a red "Error" header and a per-code diagnostic message.
- [Explain a cell's computed result](/learn/playground/explain-result): Right-clicking a cell offers "Explain", which opens a modal, centered stage playing back an animated node-graph of how the cell's value was computed — leaf inputs at the bottom, operations flowing up, the result at the top, each step lighting its node/edges and narrating what happened.
- [File > Open — local document switcher](/learn/playground/file-open): File > Open lists every document in this browser's local registry by name, most-recently-updated first, and lets you switch to a different one — reusing the exact `?doc=<id>` new-tab mechanism File > Make a copy already opens its copies with.
- [Fill a formula across cells](/learn/playground/fill): Drag to extend a formula; references adjust automatically.
- [Filter a range by value (daily-driver slice)](/learn/playground/filter-by-value): Data ▸ Create a filter (or a header's funnel button) opens a panel listing the selected range's columns; unchecking a value for a column hides every row whose raw value in that column is unchecked, and re-checking it (or removing the filter) restores those rows. The header row is never hidden. Two columns' criteria on the SAME filter combine as AND. Creating a filter, changing its criteria, and removing it are each one undoable command.
- [Find and replace](/learn/playground/find-replace): Edit ▸ Find and replace (Ctrl+H / Cmd+Shift+H) searches the active sheet's cells and lets you replace matches one at a time or all at once — case-sensitive or not, plain text or a regular expression, matching a substring or the whole cell, scoped to the whole sheet or just the current selection. A formula cell matches by its computed value by default and is never silently rewritten unless you explicitly ask to search within formulas too.
- [Bold a cell](/learn/playground/format-bold): Ctrl+B (or the toolbar Bold button) toggles bold on the selection.
- [Add borders to cells](/learn/playground/format-borders): The Borders toolbar popover applies Google-Sheets border modes (all/inner/outer/side/clear) in a chosen color + line style; Ctrl+Shift+7 toggles all borders.
- [Set fill color](/learn/playground/format-fill-color): The toolbar Fill color swatch sets the background (fill) color on the selection.
- [Change a cell's font family](/learn/playground/format-font-family): The toolbar Font dropdown sets the selection's font family (Default / Serif / Mono).
- [Change a cell's font size](/learn/playground/format-font-size): Ctrl+Shift+Period grows the font, Ctrl+Shift+Comma shrinks it (or use the toolbar stepper).
- [Italicize a cell](/learn/playground/format-italic): Ctrl+I (or the toolbar Italic button) toggles italic on the selection.
- [Text rotation](/learn/playground/format-rotation): A cell's text can be rotated to a Sheets preset (Tilt up 45°, Tilt down -45°, Rotate up 90°, Rotate down -90°) or a custom angle, from either the toolbar's Text rotation popover or Format → Text rotation; the grid draws the rotated text with a real canvas rotate transform, and an explicit rotation is a per-cell presentation attribute — it survives value/formula edits, undoes/redoes like any edit, and resets with Clear formatting.

- [Strikethrough a cell](/learn/playground/format-strike): Ctrl+Shift+X (or the toolbar Strikethrough button) toggles strikethrough on the selection.
- [Set text color](/learn/playground/format-text-color): The toolbar Text color swatch sets the text (foreground) color on the selection.
- [Underline a cell](/learn/playground/format-underline): Ctrl+U (or the toolbar Underline button, or Format > Text > Underline) toggles underline on the selection.
- [Formula autocomplete](/learn/playground/formula-autocomplete): Typing "=" then letters shows a dropdown of matching functions, navigable with the arrow keys; typing past an opening parenthesis replaces it with a one-line signature hint for the active argument.
- [Formula range-select live-preview bubble](/learn/playground/formula-range-preview): While a formula is open and a multi-cell range is selected as its argument — drag-selected with the mouse, OR shift-clicked/shift-arrowed with the keyboard (e.g. mid-typing `=SUM(` and pressing Shift+Down repeatedly to grow D3..D6) — a small floating, read-only chip near the selection shows the live-computed aggregate MATCHING THE ENCLOSING FUNCTION (SUM/PRODUCT/AVERAGE/COUNT/COUNTA/MIN/MAX) of the numeric cells being selected, labeled with which operation it is; no chip for a function outside that list. Never affects the formula text itself, and clears itself on commit or cancel.
- [Right-click grid context menu](/learn/playground/grid-context-menu): Right-clicking a cell (or the current selection) in the grid prevents the browser's native context menu and opens a custom one instead — Cut, Copy, Paste, Insert row above/below, Insert column left/right, Delete row, Delete column, and Explain — every row routed through the SAME commands the top Edit/Insert menu already uses, so it's undo/redo compatible by construction. The insert labels show the REAL row/column count for a multi-row/column selection (e.g. "Insert 3 rows above"), matching Sheets' own grammar. Right-clicking a row-number/column-letter HEADER directly — or a cell that's part of a header-originated whole-row/whole-column selection — opens a second, richer, axis-only menu instead — only that axis's Insert above/below (or left/right), plus a real-range **Delete rows/columns X-Y** and a new **Clear rows/columns X-Y** (empties content without deleting the rows/columns), reusing the exact same commands (and, for Clear, the exact same `clear.selection` command `Delete`/`Backspace` already run) — no new capability needed.
- [Growable grid dimensions](/learn/playground/growable-grid): The grid grows to fit its content and the cursor's reach — importing or pasting past the default 100×26, or navigating off the bottom/right edge, extends the grid instead of hiding data.
- [Click-to-revert and where your data lives](/learn/playground/history-revert): Clicking a history entry's Restore button non-destructively restores the document to that state — recording a new version and keeping every prior version (Google Sheets "Restore this version"), repeated identical ops collapse into one timeline row, and the chrome states plainly that the workbook + its history live in the browser only and warns before an unsaved tab closes.
- [Playground features](/learn/playground): Try TrueCalc's interactive spreadsheet — editing cells, filling formulas, copy and paste, undo/redo, and formatting — live in the browser.
- [Make a copy — local multi-document storage](/learn/playground/make-a-copy): File > Make a copy shows a naming dialog prefilled "Copy of <current name>", then duplicates the current document's content under the confirmed name into a brand-new, independent local document that opens in its own tab, leaving the source untouched — enabled by a document-keyed registry (every document has its own name, defaulting "Untitled workbook") that replaced try mode's single fixed local-storage slot and migrates the existing saved workbook with zero data loss.
- [Menu bar — File / Edit / View / Insert / Format / Data / Help](/learn/playground/menu-bar): A Google-Sheets-organized top menu bar sits above the toolbar; active items run real commands, not-yet-built items are visible but disabled with a "coming soon" tooltip, and persisted-mode-only items are locked in try mode.
- [Merge cells](/learn/playground/merge-cells): A merged range renders, selects, and navigates as one spanning cell; merging clears every cell but the top-left, and undoes/redoes as one command.
- [Multiple sheets (tabs and cross-sheet references)](/learn/playground/multiple-sheets): A workbook holds several named sheets shown as tabs (add / switch / rename / delete / reorder); a formula on one sheet can reference another (=Sheet2!A1), computing and recalculating across sheets.
- [Named ranges](/learn/playground/named-ranges): Data ▸ Named ranges lets you give a range a workbook-scoped name, usable in any formula on any sheet (=SUM(MyRange)). Adding, retargeting, and removing a name are each one undoable command; a name survives Save/Load and Import/Export.
- [Navigate & range-select](/learn/playground/navigate-range-select): Click/shift-click/shift-arrow select a single cell or a range, which renders as a translucent highlight; Arrow/Tab/Enter move the active cell, and Ctrl+Arrow jumps to the edge of the contiguous data block (Sheets parity).

- [Save, load, and export a workbook](/learn/playground/persist): Save/Load round-trip the whole workbook (cells + formats) through browser storage; Export writes it out as JSON, CSV, or XLSX.
- [Persistent history — autosave + restore across reload](/learn/playground/persistent-history): The document AND its command log (History panel entries, undo/redo) are continuously autosaved to browser storage and silently restored on reopen — no explicit save needed — while importing a foreign document still starts fresh, never inheriting a previous session's log.
- [Insert a pivot table from a range (first vertical slice)](/learn/playground/pivot-table): Selecting a range and choosing Insert ▸ Pivot table opens a "Create pivot table" dialog; confirming it groups the range's first column and sums its second into a new sheet — the row field's own header in A1, "SUM of <value field>" in B1, one row per distinct row value, and a Grand Total row at the bottom — as one undoable insert. Editing a source cell inside the range updates the pivot's output immediately, with no manual refresh control.
- [Print & page setup](/learn/playground/print-page-setup): File ▸ Print settings… opens a per-sheet page-setup form (orientation, scale, margins, print area, gridlines, header/footer text) that applies as one undoable command and survives a reload; File ▸ Print (Cmd+P) hands off to the browser's own native print dialog, styled from those settings.
- [Colored formula references](/learn/playground/reference-highlighting): While editing a formula, each referenced cell/range is colored in the formula text and outlined in the same color on the grid.
- [References adjust correctly on fill and paste](/learn/playground/reference-translation): Fill or paste a formula and its references retarget the Google-Sheets way — relative shift, $-anchored stay put (and now compute), text and function names untouched.
- [Drag to reorder rows & columns](/learn/playground/reorder-rows-columns): Grabbing an already-selected column or row header and dragging it (alone, or as part of a multi-selected contiguous band) relocates it to a new position — siblings shift to fill the gap and make room, and every formula reference into the moved band, or to a shifted sibling, follows the move — matching Google Sheets.
- [Embed/share presentation config (ShareConfig)](/learn/playground/share-config): A `ShareConfig` controls how a grid is embedded/shared — which range/sheet is visible (an explicit A1 range, or auto-detected used content, capped by maxRows/maxCols), independently-combinable chrome-visibility toggles (menu bar/toolbar/formula bar/sheet tabs), and a whole-embed read-only flag — delivered as URL query params on the existing `?seed=` mechanism; every existing embed with no ShareConfig params keeps working exactly as before.
- [Keyboard shortcuts + the '?' cheat sheet](/learn/playground/shortcuts): Every keyboard shortcut is declared once, by its own operation; the same declaration drives both the key handler and a discoverable panel (press '?').

- [Sort a range (daily-driver slice)](/learn/playground/sort-range): Data ▸ Sort range ▸ "Sort range A → Z" / "Z → A" reorders the rows of the CURRENT SELECTION by its first column, carrying every selected column of a row along with it and nothing else — a one-column selection reorders that column alone, exactly as Google Sheets does. Formulas move with their cells, their relative references translating to the new row while `$`-anchored ones stay pinned. Numbers (dates among them) order before text, text before booleans, booleans before errors, and blanks stay last in BOTH directions. The whole permutation is ONE undoable command, so a single Ctrl+Z restores the exact prior order.
- [Spill a dynamic array from its anchor](/learn/playground/spill-rendering): A dynamic-array formula (e.g. =SEQUENCE) renders across the grid from its anchor — the anchor shows the array's first value and the rest spill into read-only echo cells; obstructing the range shows a spill conflict.
- [Insert & delete rows/columns](/learn/playground/structure-insert-delete): Insert.rows/Insert.columns/Edit ▸ Delete rows/Edit ▸ Delete columns shift cell content across the whole sheet and re-adjust every formula's own references, matching Google Sheets — the foundation primitive
- [Undo and redo edits](/learn/playground/undo): Ctrl+Z reverts the last change; Ctrl+Y (or Ctrl+Shift+Z) re-applies it.
- [View a workbook](/learn/playground/view-workbook): A workbook's cell values render on the canvas grid — numbers and dates right-aligned, text left-aligned, formula errors shown distinctly — with only the visible cells drawn so scrolling stays smooth on a large sheet.
- [Freeze rows & columns · Zoom](/learn/playground/views): View ▸ Freeze pins the first N rows and/or columns so they stay under the headers while the rest of the grid scrolls, with a divider marking the split; View ▸ Zoom scales the whole grid surface — cell pitch, cell text, the header strips and any user-resized row/column — to one of seven presets.


## Reference — Functions

- [ABS](/reference/functions/abs): TrueCalc ABS function: Absolute value of a number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ACCRINT](/reference/functions/accrint): TrueCalc ACCRINT function: Accrued interest for periodic coupon Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ACCRINTM](/reference/functions/accrintm): TrueCalc ACCRINTM function: Accrued interest at maturity Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ACOS](/reference/functions/acos): TrueCalc ACOS function: Arccosine in radians Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ACOSH](/reference/functions/acosh): TrueCalc ACOSH function: Inverse hyperbolic cosine Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ACOT](/reference/functions/acot): TrueCalc ACOT function: Inverse cotangent in radians Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ACOTH](/reference/functions/acoth): TrueCalc ACOTH function: Inverse hyperbolic cotangent Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ADDRESS](/reference/functions/address): TrueCalc ADDRESS function: Returns a cell address string Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [AMORLINC](/reference/functions/amorlinc): TrueCalc AMORLINC function: Linear depreciation (French system) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [AND](/reference/functions/and): TrueCalc AND function: True if all arguments are true Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ARABIC](/reference/functions/arabic): TrueCalc ARABIC function: Convert Roman numeral to integer Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ARRAY_CONSTRAIN](/reference/functions/array-constrain): TrueCalc ARRAY_CONSTRAIN function: Constrains an array to a given number of rows and columns Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ARRAYFORMULA](/reference/functions/arrayformula): TrueCalc ARRAYFORMULA function: Evaluates a formula as an array formula Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ASC](/reference/functions/asc): TrueCalc ASC function: Convert full-width chars to half-width Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ASIN](/reference/functions/asin): TrueCalc ASIN function: Arcsine in radians Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ASINH](/reference/functions/asinh): TrueCalc ASINH function: Inverse hyperbolic sine Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ATAN](/reference/functions/atan): TrueCalc ATAN function: Arctangent in radians Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ATAN2](/reference/functions/atan2): TrueCalc ATAN2 function: Arctangent of y/x in radians Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ATANH](/reference/functions/atanh): TrueCalc ATANH function: Inverse hyperbolic tangent Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [AVEDEV](/reference/functions/avedev): TrueCalc AVEDEV function: Average of absolute deviations from the mean Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [AVERAGE.WEIGHTED](/reference/functions/average-weighted): TrueCalc AVERAGE.WEIGHTED function: Weighted average Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [AVERAGE](/reference/functions/average): TrueCalc AVERAGE function: Arithmetic mean of arguments Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [AVERAGEA](/reference/functions/averagea): TrueCalc AVERAGEA function: Average including booleans and text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [AVERAGEIF](/reference/functions/averageif): TrueCalc AVERAGEIF function: Average cells where range matches criterion Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [AVERAGEIFS](/reference/functions/averageifs): TrueCalc AVERAGEIFS function: Conditional average with multiple criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BASE](/reference/functions/base): TrueCalc BASE function: Convert number to string in given base Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BETA.DIST](/reference/functions/beta-dist): TrueCalc BETA.DIST function: Beta distribution CDF/PDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BETA.INV](/reference/functions/beta-inv): TrueCalc BETA.INV function: Beta inverse CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BETADIST](/reference/functions/betadist): TrueCalc BETADIST function: Beta distribution CDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BETAINV](/reference/functions/betainv): TrueCalc BETAINV function: Beta inverse CDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BIN2DEC](/reference/functions/bin2dec): TrueCalc BIN2DEC function: Convert binary to decimal Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BIN2HEX](/reference/functions/bin2hex): TrueCalc BIN2HEX function: Convert binary to hexadecimal Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BIN2OCT](/reference/functions/bin2oct): TrueCalc BIN2OCT function: Convert binary to octal Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BINOM.DIST](/reference/functions/binom-dist): TrueCalc BINOM.DIST function: Binomial CDF/PMF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BINOM.INV](/reference/functions/binom-inv): TrueCalc BINOM.INV function: Binomial inverse CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BINOMDIST](/reference/functions/binomdist): TrueCalc BINOMDIST function: Binomial CDF/PMF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BITAND](/reference/functions/bitand): TrueCalc BITAND function: Bitwise AND of two integers Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BITLSHIFT](/reference/functions/bitlshift): TrueCalc BITLSHIFT function: Left-shift an integer by a number of bits Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BITOR](/reference/functions/bitor): TrueCalc BITOR function: Bitwise OR of two integers Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BITRSHIFT](/reference/functions/bitrshift): TrueCalc BITRSHIFT function: Right-shift an integer by a number of bits Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BITXOR](/reference/functions/bitxor): TrueCalc BITXOR function: Bitwise XOR of two integers Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BYCOL](/reference/functions/bycol): TrueCalc BYCOL function: Applies a LAMBDA to each column of an array Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [BYROW](/reference/functions/byrow): TrueCalc BYROW function: Applies a LAMBDA to each row of an array Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CEILING.MATH](/reference/functions/ceiling-math): TrueCalc CEILING.MATH function: Round up to nearest multiple; handles negative numbers via mode Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CEILING.PRECISE](/reference/functions/ceiling-precise): TrueCalc CEILING.PRECISE function: Round up to nearest multiple; sign of significance ignored Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CEILING](/reference/functions/ceiling): TrueCalc CEILING function: Round up to nearest multiple of significance Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CELL](/reference/functions/cell): TrueCalc CELL function: Returns information about a cell Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CHAR](/reference/functions/char): TrueCalc CHAR function: Character from ASCII/Unicode code Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CHIDIST](/reference/functions/chidist): TrueCalc CHIDIST function: Chi-squared right-tail CDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CHIINV](/reference/functions/chiinv): TrueCalc CHIINV function: Chi-squared right-tail inverse CDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CHISQ.DIST.RT](/reference/functions/chisq-dist-rt): TrueCalc CHISQ.DIST.RT function: Chi-squared right-tail CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CHISQ.DIST](/reference/functions/chisq-dist): TrueCalc CHISQ.DIST function: Chi-squared CDF/PDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CHISQ.INV.RT](/reference/functions/chisq-inv-rt): TrueCalc CHISQ.INV.RT function: Chi-squared right-tail inverse CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CHISQ.INV](/reference/functions/chisq-inv): TrueCalc CHISQ.INV function: Chi-squared inverse CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CHISQ.TEST](/reference/functions/chisq-test): TrueCalc CHISQ.TEST function: Chi-squared goodness of fit test Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CHITEST](/reference/functions/chitest): TrueCalc CHITEST function: Chi-squared test (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CHOOSE](/reference/functions/choose): TrueCalc CHOOSE function: Returns the value at the given 1-based index Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CHOOSECOLS](/reference/functions/choosecols): TrueCalc CHOOSECOLS function: Returns selected columns from an array Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CHOOSEROWS](/reference/functions/chooserows): TrueCalc CHOOSEROWS function: Returns selected rows from an array Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CLEAN](/reference/functions/clean): TrueCalc CLEAN function: Remove non-printable characters from text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CODE](/reference/functions/code): TrueCalc CODE function: Numeric code of first character Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COLUMN](/reference/functions/column): TrueCalc COLUMN function: Returns the column number of a cell reference Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COLUMNS](/reference/functions/columns): TrueCalc COLUMNS function: Returns the number of columns in an array or range Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COMBIN](/reference/functions/combin): TrueCalc COMBIN function: Number of combinations without repetition Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COMBINA](/reference/functions/combina): TrueCalc COMBINA function: Number of combinations with repetition Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COMPLEX](/reference/functions/complex): TrueCalc COMPLEX function: Create a complex number string Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CONCATENATE](/reference/functions/concatenate): TrueCalc CONCATENATE function: Concatenate values (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CONFIDENCE.NORM](/reference/functions/confidence-norm): TrueCalc CONFIDENCE.NORM function: Confidence interval half-width (normal) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CONFIDENCE.T](/reference/functions/confidence-t): TrueCalc CONFIDENCE.T function: Confidence interval half-width (t-dist) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CONFIDENCE](/reference/functions/confidence): TrueCalc CONFIDENCE function: Confidence interval half-width (normal) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CONVERT](/reference/functions/convert): TrueCalc CONVERT function: Converts a number from one unit of measurement to another Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CORREL](/reference/functions/correl): TrueCalc CORREL function: Pearson correlation coefficient Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COS](/reference/functions/cos): TrueCalc COS function: Cosine of an angle in radians Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COSH](/reference/functions/cosh): TrueCalc COSH function: Hyperbolic cosine Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COT](/reference/functions/cot): TrueCalc COT function: Cotangent of an angle in radians Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COTH](/reference/functions/coth): TrueCalc COTH function: Hyperbolic cotangent Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COUNT](/reference/functions/count): TrueCalc COUNT function: Count numeric values Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COUNTA](/reference/functions/counta): TrueCalc COUNTA function: Count non-empty values Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COUNTBLANK](/reference/functions/countblank): TrueCalc COUNTBLANK function: Count blank/empty cells Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COUNTIF](/reference/functions/countif): TrueCalc COUNTIF function: Count cells matching criterion Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COUNTIFS](/reference/functions/countifs): TrueCalc COUNTIFS function: Count rows where all criteria match Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COUNTUNIQUE](/reference/functions/countunique): TrueCalc COUNTUNIQUE function: Count unique distinct values Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COUPDAYBS](/reference/functions/coupdaybs): TrueCalc COUPDAYBS function: Days from coupon start to settlement Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COUPDAYS](/reference/functions/coupdays): TrueCalc COUPDAYS function: Days in coupon period Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COUPDAYSNC](/reference/functions/coupdaysnc): TrueCalc COUPDAYSNC function: Days from settlement to next coupon Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COUPNCD](/reference/functions/coupncd): TrueCalc COUPNCD function: Next coupon date after settlement Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COUPNUM](/reference/functions/coupnum): TrueCalc COUPNUM function: Number of coupons between settlement and maturity Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COUPPCD](/reference/functions/couppcd): TrueCalc COUPPCD function: Previous coupon date before settlement Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COVAR](/reference/functions/covar): TrueCalc COVAR function: Population covariance (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COVARIANCE.P](/reference/functions/covariance-p): TrueCalc COVARIANCE.P function: Population covariance Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [COVARIANCE.S](/reference/functions/covariance-s): TrueCalc COVARIANCE.S function: Sample covariance Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CRITBINOM](/reference/functions/critbinom): TrueCalc CRITBINOM function: Binomial inverse CDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CSC](/reference/functions/csc): TrueCalc CSC function: Cosecant of an angle in radians Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CSCH](/reference/functions/csch): TrueCalc CSCH function: Hyperbolic cosecant Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CUMIPMT](/reference/functions/cumipmt): TrueCalc CUMIPMT function: Cumulative interest paid Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [CUMPRINC](/reference/functions/cumprinc): TrueCalc CUMPRINC function: Cumulative principal paid Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DATE](/reference/functions/date): TrueCalc DATE function: Creates a date serial number from year, month, and day Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DATEDIF](/reference/functions/datedif): TrueCalc DATEDIF function: Difference between two dates in specified units Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DATEVALUE](/reference/functions/datevalue): TrueCalc DATEVALUE function: Converts a date string to a serial number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DAVERAGE](/reference/functions/daverage): TrueCalc DAVERAGE function: Average of field values for rows matching criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DAY](/reference/functions/day): TrueCalc DAY function: Day of month from a date serial number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DAYS](/reference/functions/days): TrueCalc DAYS function: Number of days between two dates Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DAYS360](/reference/functions/days360): TrueCalc DAYS360 function: Days between dates using 360-day year Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DB](/reference/functions/db): TrueCalc DB function: Fixed-declining balance depreciation Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DCOUNT](/reference/functions/dcount): TrueCalc DCOUNT function: Count of numeric field values for rows matching criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DCOUNTA](/reference/functions/dcounta): TrueCalc DCOUNTA function: Count of non-empty field values for rows matching criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DDB](/reference/functions/ddb): TrueCalc DDB function: Double-declining balance depreciation Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DEC2BIN](/reference/functions/dec2bin): TrueCalc DEC2BIN function: Convert decimal to binary Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DEC2HEX](/reference/functions/dec2hex): TrueCalc DEC2HEX function: Convert decimal to hexadecimal Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DEC2OCT](/reference/functions/dec2oct): TrueCalc DEC2OCT function: Convert decimal to octal Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DECIMAL](/reference/functions/decimal): TrueCalc DECIMAL function: Convert string in given base to decimal Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DEGREES](/reference/functions/degrees): TrueCalc DEGREES function: Convert radians to degrees Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DELTA](/reference/functions/delta): TrueCalc DELTA function: Test whether two values are equal Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DEVSQ](/reference/functions/devsq): TrueCalc DEVSQ function: Sum of squared deviations from the mean Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DGET](/reference/functions/dget): TrueCalc DGET function: Single field value for rows matching criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DISC](/reference/functions/disc): TrueCalc DISC function: Discount rate for a security Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DMAX](/reference/functions/dmax): TrueCalc DMAX function: Maximum field value for rows matching criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DMIN](/reference/functions/dmin): TrueCalc DMIN function: Minimum field value for rows matching criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DOLLAR](/reference/functions/dollar): TrueCalc DOLLAR function: Format number as currency text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DOLLARDE](/reference/functions/dollarde): TrueCalc DOLLARDE function: Convert dollar price to decimal Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DOLLARFR](/reference/functions/dollarfr): TrueCalc DOLLARFR function: Convert decimal dollar to fractional Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DPRODUCT](/reference/functions/dproduct): TrueCalc DPRODUCT function: Product of field values for rows matching criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DSTDEV](/reference/functions/dstdev): TrueCalc DSTDEV function: Sample standard deviation of field values for rows matching criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DSTDEVP](/reference/functions/dstdevp): TrueCalc DSTDEVP function: Population standard deviation of field values for rows matching criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DSUM](/reference/functions/dsum): TrueCalc DSUM function: Sum of field values for rows matching criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DURATION](/reference/functions/duration): TrueCalc DURATION function: Macaulay duration Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DVAR](/reference/functions/dvar): TrueCalc DVAR function: Sample variance of field values for rows matching criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [DVARP](/reference/functions/dvarp): TrueCalc DVARP function: Population variance of field values for rows matching criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [EDATE](/reference/functions/edate): TrueCalc EDATE function: Date serial N months before or after a start date Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [EFFECT](/reference/functions/effect): TrueCalc EFFECT function: Effective annual interest rate Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ENCODEURL](/reference/functions/encodeurl): TrueCalc ENCODEURL function: Percent-encode a URL string per RFC 3986 Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [EOMONTH](/reference/functions/eomonth): TrueCalc EOMONTH function: Last day of month N months from start date Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [EPOCHTODATE](/reference/functions/epochtodate): TrueCalc EPOCHTODATE function: Converts Unix timestamp to date serial number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ERF.PRECISE](/reference/functions/erf-precise): TrueCalc ERF.PRECISE function: Error function (precise) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ERF](/reference/functions/erf): TrueCalc ERF function: Error function Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ERFC.PRECISE](/reference/functions/erfc-precise): TrueCalc ERFC.PRECISE function: Complementary error function (precise) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ERFC](/reference/functions/erfc): TrueCalc ERFC function: Complementary error function Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ERROR.TYPE](/reference/functions/error-type): TrueCalc ERROR.TYPE function: Number corresponding to the error type Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [EVEN](/reference/functions/even): TrueCalc EVEN function: Round up to nearest even integer Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [EXACT](/reference/functions/exact): TrueCalc EXACT function: Case-sensitive string comparison Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [EXP](/reference/functions/exp): TrueCalc EXP function: e raised to a power Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [EXPON.DIST](/reference/functions/expon-dist): TrueCalc EXPON.DIST function: Exponential distribution Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [EXPONDIST](/reference/functions/expondist): TrueCalc EXPONDIST function: Exponential distribution (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [F.DIST.RT](/reference/functions/f-dist-rt): TrueCalc F.DIST.RT function: F right-tail CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [F.DIST](/reference/functions/f-dist): TrueCalc F.DIST function: F CDF/PDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [F.INV.RT](/reference/functions/f-inv-rt): TrueCalc F.INV.RT function: F right-tail inverse CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [F.INV](/reference/functions/f-inv): TrueCalc F.INV function: F inverse CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [F.TEST](/reference/functions/f-test): TrueCalc F.TEST function: F-test Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FACT](/reference/functions/fact): TrueCalc FACT function: Factorial of a number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FACTDOUBLE](/reference/functions/factdouble): TrueCalc FACTDOUBLE function: Double factorial of a number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FALSE](/reference/functions/false): TrueCalc FALSE function: Logical false value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FDIST](/reference/functions/fdist): TrueCalc FDIST function: F right-tail CDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FILTER](/reference/functions/filter): TrueCalc FILTER function: Filter an array by a boolean mask Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FIND](/reference/functions/find): TrueCalc FIND function: Case-sensitive position search Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FINDB](/reference/functions/findb): TrueCalc FINDB function: Case-sensitive byte-position search Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FINV](/reference/functions/finv): TrueCalc FINV function: F right-tail inverse CDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FISHER](/reference/functions/fisher): TrueCalc FISHER function: Fisher z-transform Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FISHERINV](/reference/functions/fisherinv): TrueCalc FISHERINV function: Inverse Fisher z-transform Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FIXED](/reference/functions/fixed): TrueCalc FIXED function: Format number as text with fixed decimal places Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FLATTEN](/reference/functions/flatten): TrueCalc FLATTEN function: Flattens an array into a single column Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FLOOR.MATH](/reference/functions/floor-math): TrueCalc FLOOR.MATH function: Round down to nearest multiple; handles negative numbers via mode Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FLOOR.PRECISE](/reference/functions/floor-precise): TrueCalc FLOOR.PRECISE function: Round down to nearest multiple; sign of significance ignored Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FLOOR](/reference/functions/floor): TrueCalc FLOOR function: Round down to nearest multiple of significance Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FORECAST.LINEAR](/reference/functions/forecast-linear): TrueCalc FORECAST.LINEAR function: Forecast using linear regression Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FORECAST](/reference/functions/forecast): TrueCalc FORECAST function: Forecast using linear regression Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FORMULATEXT](/reference/functions/formulatext): TrueCalc FORMULATEXT function: Returns the formula string for a cell reference Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FREQUENCY](/reference/functions/frequency): TrueCalc FREQUENCY function: Calculates the frequency distribution of values Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FTEST](/reference/functions/ftest): TrueCalc FTEST function: F-test (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FV](/reference/functions/fv): TrueCalc FV function: Future value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [FVSCHEDULE](/reference/functions/fvschedule): TrueCalc FVSCHEDULE function: Future value with variable rates Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [GAMMA.DIST](/reference/functions/gamma-dist): TrueCalc GAMMA.DIST function: Gamma distribution CDF/PDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [GAMMA.INV](/reference/functions/gamma-inv): TrueCalc GAMMA.INV function: Gamma inverse CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [GAMMA](/reference/functions/gamma): TrueCalc GAMMA function: Gamma function Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [GAMMADIST](/reference/functions/gammadist): TrueCalc GAMMADIST function: Gamma distribution (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [GAMMAINV](/reference/functions/gammainv): TrueCalc GAMMAINV function: Gamma inverse CDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [GAMMALN.PRECISE](/reference/functions/gammaln-precise): TrueCalc GAMMALN.PRECISE function: Natural logarithm of the gamma function (precise) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [GAMMALN](/reference/functions/gammaln): TrueCalc GAMMALN function: Natural logarithm of the gamma function Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [GAUSS](/reference/functions/gauss): TrueCalc GAUSS function: NORM.S.DIST(x,TRUE) - 0.5 Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [GCD](/reference/functions/gcd): TrueCalc GCD function: Greatest common divisor Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [GEOMEAN](/reference/functions/geomean): TrueCalc GEOMEAN function: Geometric mean Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [GESTEP](/reference/functions/gestep): TrueCalc GESTEP function: Test whether a number is greater than or equal to a step value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [GETPIVOTDATA](/reference/functions/getpivotdata): TrueCalc GETPIVOTDATA function: Retrieves data from a PivotTable Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [GROWTH](/reference/functions/growth): TrueCalc GROWTH function: Returns values along an exponential trend Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [HARMEAN](/reference/functions/harmean): TrueCalc HARMEAN function: Harmonic mean Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [HEX2BIN](/reference/functions/hex2bin): TrueCalc HEX2BIN function: Convert hexadecimal to binary Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [HEX2DEC](/reference/functions/hex2dec): TrueCalc HEX2DEC function: Convert hexadecimal to decimal Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [HEX2OCT](/reference/functions/hex2oct): TrueCalc HEX2OCT function: Convert hexadecimal to octal Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [HLOOKUP](/reference/functions/hlookup): TrueCalc HLOOKUP function: Searches first row of range, returns value from index row Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [HOUR](/reference/functions/hour): TrueCalc HOUR function: Hour component of a time serial number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [HSTACK](/reference/functions/hstack): TrueCalc HSTACK function: Horizontally stacks arrays Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [HYPERLINK](/reference/functions/hyperlink): TrueCalc HYPERLINK function: Return link label (or url if no label) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [HYPGEOM.DIST](/reference/functions/hypgeom-dist): TrueCalc HYPGEOM.DIST function: Hypergeometric distribution Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [HYPGEOMDIST](/reference/functions/hypgeomdist): TrueCalc HYPGEOMDIST function: Hypergeometric PMF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IF](/reference/functions/if): TrueCalc IF function: Conditional value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IFERROR](/reference/functions/iferror): TrueCalc IFERROR function: Return alternate value on error Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IFNA](/reference/functions/ifna): TrueCalc IFNA function: Return alternate value on #N/A Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IFS](/reference/functions/ifs): TrueCalc IFS function: First value whose condition is true Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMABS](/reference/functions/imabs): TrueCalc IMABS function: Absolute value of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMAGINARY](/reference/functions/imaginary): TrueCalc IMAGINARY function: Imaginary part of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMARGUMENT](/reference/functions/imargument): TrueCalc IMARGUMENT function: Argument (angle) of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMCONJUGATE](/reference/functions/imconjugate): TrueCalc IMCONJUGATE function: Complex conjugate Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMCOS](/reference/functions/imcos): TrueCalc IMCOS function: Cosine of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMCOSH](/reference/functions/imcosh): TrueCalc IMCOSH function: Hyperbolic cosine of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMCOT](/reference/functions/imcot): TrueCalc IMCOT function: Cotangent of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMCOTH](/reference/functions/imcoth): TrueCalc IMCOTH function: Hyperbolic cotangent of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMCSC](/reference/functions/imcsc): TrueCalc IMCSC function: Cosecant of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMCSCH](/reference/functions/imcsch): TrueCalc IMCSCH function: Hyperbolic cosecant of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMDIV](/reference/functions/imdiv): TrueCalc IMDIV function: Divide complex numbers Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMEXP](/reference/functions/imexp): TrueCalc IMEXP function: e raised to a complex power Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMLN](/reference/functions/imln): TrueCalc IMLN function: Natural log of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMLOG](/reference/functions/imlog): TrueCalc IMLOG function: Logarithm of a complex number to a given base Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMLOG10](/reference/functions/imlog10): TrueCalc IMLOG10 function: Base-10 log of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMLOG2](/reference/functions/imlog2): TrueCalc IMLOG2 function: Base-2 log of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMPOWER](/reference/functions/impower): TrueCalc IMPOWER function: Complex number raised to a power Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMPRODUCT](/reference/functions/improduct): TrueCalc IMPRODUCT function: Product of complex numbers Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMREAL](/reference/functions/imreal): TrueCalc IMREAL function: Real part of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMSEC](/reference/functions/imsec): TrueCalc IMSEC function: Secant of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMSECH](/reference/functions/imsech): TrueCalc IMSECH function: Hyperbolic secant of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMSIN](/reference/functions/imsin): TrueCalc IMSIN function: Sine of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMSINH](/reference/functions/imsinh): TrueCalc IMSINH function: Hyperbolic sine of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMSQRT](/reference/functions/imsqrt): TrueCalc IMSQRT function: Square root of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMSUB](/reference/functions/imsub): TrueCalc IMSUB function: Subtract complex numbers Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMSUM](/reference/functions/imsum): TrueCalc IMSUM function: Sum of complex numbers Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMTAN](/reference/functions/imtan): TrueCalc IMTAN function: Tangent of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IMTANH](/reference/functions/imtanh): TrueCalc IMTANH function: Hyperbolic tangent of a complex number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [Functions](/reference/functions): Reference pages for every TrueCalc function, generated from the engine's functions.json registry.
- [INDIRECT](/reference/functions/indirect): TrueCalc INDIRECT function: Returns the value referenced by a cell address string Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [INT](/reference/functions/int): TrueCalc INT function: Round down to nearest integer Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [INTERCEPT](/reference/functions/intercept): TrueCalc INTERCEPT function: Intercept of linear regression Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [INTRATE](/reference/functions/intrate): TrueCalc INTRATE function: Interest rate for fully invested security Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IPMT](/reference/functions/ipmt): TrueCalc IPMT function: Interest payment for a period Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [IRR](/reference/functions/irr): TrueCalc IRR function: Internal rate of return Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISBETWEEN](/reference/functions/isbetween): TrueCalc ISBETWEEN function: Returns TRUE if value is between lower and upper bounds Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISBLANK](/reference/functions/isblank): TrueCalc ISBLANK function: True if value is blank Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISDATE](/reference/functions/isdate): TrueCalc ISDATE function: True if value is a date Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISEMAIL](/reference/functions/isemail): TrueCalc ISEMAIL function: True if value is a valid email address Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISERR](/reference/functions/iserr): TrueCalc ISERR function: True if value is an error other than #N/A Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISERROR](/reference/functions/iserror): TrueCalc ISERROR function: True if value is an error Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISEVEN](/reference/functions/iseven): TrueCalc ISEVEN function: Returns TRUE if number is even Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISFORMULA](/reference/functions/isformula): TrueCalc ISFORMULA function: True if the cell contains a formula Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISLOGICAL](/reference/functions/islogical): TrueCalc ISLOGICAL function: True if value is a logical (boolean) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISNA](/reference/functions/isna): TrueCalc ISNA function: True if value is #N/A Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISNONTEXT](/reference/functions/isnontext): TrueCalc ISNONTEXT function: True if value is not text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISNUMBER](/reference/functions/isnumber): TrueCalc ISNUMBER function: True if value is a number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISO.CEILING](/reference/functions/iso-ceiling): TrueCalc ISO.CEILING function: ISO standard ceiling; identical to CEILING.PRECISE Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISODD](/reference/functions/isodd): TrueCalc ISODD function: Returns TRUE if number is odd Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISOWEEKNUM](/reference/functions/isoweeknum): TrueCalc ISOWEEKNUM function: ISO week number of the year for a date Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISPMT](/reference/functions/ispmt): TrueCalc ISPMT function: Interest paid for a period (straight line) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISREF](/reference/functions/isref): TrueCalc ISREF function: True if value is a cell reference Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISTEXT](/reference/functions/istext): TrueCalc ISTEXT function: True if value is text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISURL](/reference/functions/isurl): TrueCalc ISURL function: Return TRUE if value is a URL string Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ISZONED](/reference/functions/iszoned): Use ISZONED(value) to check whether a value is a zone-aware instant (created by TZDATETIME, TZCONVERT, TZNOW, etc.). Returns TRUE or FALSE. Use in IF() to branch logic that may receive either a plain date serial or a Zoned value from user input or an
- [JOIN](/reference/functions/join): TrueCalc JOIN function: Join values with delimiter Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [KURT](/reference/functions/kurt): TrueCalc KURT function: Excess kurtosis Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LAMBDA](/reference/functions/lambda): TrueCalc LAMBDA function: Create a lambda function Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LARGE](/reference/functions/large): TrueCalc LARGE function: k-th largest value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LCM](/reference/functions/lcm): TrueCalc LCM function: Least common multiple Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LEFT](/reference/functions/left): TrueCalc LEFT function: Left portion of a string Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LEFTB](/reference/functions/leftb): TrueCalc LEFTB function: Left N bytes of text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LEN](/reference/functions/len): TrueCalc LEN function: Number of characters in text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LENB](/reference/functions/lenb): TrueCalc LENB function: Number of bytes in text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LET](/reference/functions/let): TrueCalc LET function: Bind named values and evaluate body Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LINEST](/reference/functions/linest): TrueCalc LINEST function: Returns linear regression statistics Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LN](/reference/functions/ln): TrueCalc LN function: Natural logarithm Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LOG](/reference/functions/log): TrueCalc LOG function: Logarithm to specified base Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LOG10](/reference/functions/log10): TrueCalc LOG10 function: Base-10 logarithm Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LOGEST](/reference/functions/logest): TrueCalc LOGEST function: Returns exponential regression statistics Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LOGINV](/reference/functions/loginv): TrueCalc LOGINV function: Lognormal inverse CDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LOGNORM.DIST](/reference/functions/lognorm-dist): TrueCalc LOGNORM.DIST function: Lognormal distribution Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LOGNORM.INV](/reference/functions/lognorm-inv): TrueCalc LOGNORM.INV function: Lognormal inverse CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LOGNORMDIST](/reference/functions/lognormdist): TrueCalc LOGNORMDIST function: Lognormal CDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LOOKUP](/reference/functions/lookup): TrueCalc LOOKUP function: Approximate lookup in sorted range Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [LOWER](/reference/functions/lower): TrueCalc LOWER function: Convert to lowercase Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MAKEARRAY](/reference/functions/makearray): TrueCalc MAKEARRAY function: Creates an array using a LAMBDA for each cell value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MAP](/reference/functions/map): TrueCalc MAP function: Maps a LAMBDA over one or more arrays Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MARGINOFERROR](/reference/functions/marginoferror): TrueCalc MARGINOFERROR function: Margin of error Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MATCH](/reference/functions/match): TrueCalc MATCH function: Returns 1-based position of first match Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MAX](/reference/functions/max): TrueCalc MAX function: Maximum value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MAXA](/reference/functions/maxa): TrueCalc MAXA function: Maximum including booleans and text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MAXIFS](/reference/functions/maxifs): TrueCalc MAXIFS function: Maximum with multiple criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MDETERM](/reference/functions/mdeterm): TrueCalc MDETERM function: Returns the matrix determinant Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MDURATION](/reference/functions/mduration): TrueCalc MDURATION function: Modified duration Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MEDIAN](/reference/functions/median): TrueCalc MEDIAN function: Median value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MID](/reference/functions/mid): TrueCalc MID function: Substring from middle of text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MIDB](/reference/functions/midb): TrueCalc MIDB function: Substring by byte position Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MIN](/reference/functions/min): TrueCalc MIN function: Minimum value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MINA](/reference/functions/mina): TrueCalc MINA function: Minimum including booleans and text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MINIFS](/reference/functions/minifs): TrueCalc MINIFS function: Minimum with multiple criteria Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MINUTE](/reference/functions/minute): TrueCalc MINUTE function: Minute component of a time serial number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MINVERSE](/reference/functions/minverse): TrueCalc MINVERSE function: Returns the matrix inverse Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MIRR](/reference/functions/mirr): TrueCalc MIRR function: Modified internal rate of return Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MMULT](/reference/functions/mmult): TrueCalc MMULT function: Returns the matrix product of two arrays Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MOD](/reference/functions/mod): TrueCalc MOD function: Remainder after division Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MODE.MULT](/reference/functions/mode-mult): TrueCalc MODE.MULT function: All most frequent values Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MODE.SNGL](/reference/functions/mode-sngl): TrueCalc MODE.SNGL function: Most frequent value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MODE](/reference/functions/mode): TrueCalc MODE function: Most frequent value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MONTH](/reference/functions/month): TrueCalc MONTH function: Month number from a date serial number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MROUND](/reference/functions/mround): TrueCalc MROUND function: Round to nearest multiple Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MULTINOMIAL](/reference/functions/multinomial): TrueCalc MULTINOMIAL function: Multinomial coefficient of given arguments Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [MUNIT](/reference/functions/munit): TrueCalc MUNIT function: Returns identity matrix of given dimension Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [N](/reference/functions/n): TrueCalc N function: Convert value to number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NA](/reference/functions/na): TrueCalc NA function: Returns the #N/A error value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NEGBINOM.DIST](/reference/functions/negbinom-dist): TrueCalc NEGBINOM.DIST function: Negative binomial CDF/PMF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NEGBINOMDIST](/reference/functions/negbinomdist): TrueCalc NEGBINOMDIST function: Negative binomial PMF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NETWORKDAYS.INTL](/reference/functions/networkdays-intl): TrueCalc NETWORKDAYS.INTL function: Working days between dates with custom weekends Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NETWORKDAYS](/reference/functions/networkdays): TrueCalc NETWORKDAYS function: Number of working days between two dates Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NOMINAL](/reference/functions/nominal): TrueCalc NOMINAL function: Nominal annual interest rate Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NORM.DIST](/reference/functions/norm-dist): TrueCalc NORM.DIST function: Normal CDF/PDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NORM.INV](/reference/functions/norm-inv): TrueCalc NORM.INV function: Normal inverse CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NORM.S.DIST](/reference/functions/norm-s-dist): TrueCalc NORM.S.DIST function: Standard normal CDF/PDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NORM.S.INV](/reference/functions/norm-s-inv): TrueCalc NORM.S.INV function: Standard normal inverse CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NORMDIST](/reference/functions/normdist): TrueCalc NORMDIST function: Normal CDF/PDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NORMINV](/reference/functions/norminv): TrueCalc NORMINV function: Normal inverse CDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NORMSDIST](/reference/functions/normsdist): TrueCalc NORMSDIST function: Standard normal CDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NORMSINV](/reference/functions/normsinv): TrueCalc NORMSINV function: Standard normal inverse CDF (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NOT](/reference/functions/not): TrueCalc NOT function: Logical negation Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NOW](/reference/functions/now): TrueCalc NOW function: Current date and time as a serial number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NPER](/reference/functions/nper): TrueCalc NPER function: Number of payment periods Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [NPV](/reference/functions/npv): TrueCalc NPV function: Net present value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [OCT2BIN](/reference/functions/oct2bin): TrueCalc OCT2BIN function: Convert octal to binary Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [OCT2DEC](/reference/functions/oct2dec): TrueCalc OCT2DEC function: Convert octal to decimal Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [OCT2HEX](/reference/functions/oct2hex): TrueCalc OCT2HEX function: Convert octal to hexadecimal Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ODD](/reference/functions/odd): TrueCalc ODD function: Round up to nearest odd integer Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [OFFSET](/reference/functions/offset): TrueCalc OFFSET function: Returns a range offset from a reference Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [OR](/reference/functions/or): TrueCalc OR function: True if any argument is true Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PDURATION](/reference/functions/pduration): TrueCalc PDURATION function: Periods required to reach a value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PEARSON](/reference/functions/pearson): TrueCalc PEARSON function: Pearson correlation coefficient Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PERCENTILE.EXC](/reference/functions/percentile-exc): TrueCalc PERCENTILE.EXC function: Exclusive percentile Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PERCENTILE.INC](/reference/functions/percentile-inc): TrueCalc PERCENTILE.INC function: Inclusive percentile Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PERCENTILE](/reference/functions/percentile): TrueCalc PERCENTILE function: k-th percentile (inclusive) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PERCENTRANK.EXC](/reference/functions/percentrank-exc): TrueCalc PERCENTRANK.EXC function: Exclusive percentile rank Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PERCENTRANK.INC](/reference/functions/percentrank-inc): TrueCalc PERCENTRANK.INC function: Inclusive percentile rank Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PERCENTRANK](/reference/functions/percentrank): TrueCalc PERCENTRANK function: Percentile rank (inclusive) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PERMUT](/reference/functions/permut): TrueCalc PERMUT function: Number of permutations Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PERMUTATIONA](/reference/functions/permutationa): TrueCalc PERMUTATIONA function: Permutations with repetition Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PHI](/reference/functions/phi): TrueCalc PHI function: Standard normal PDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PI](/reference/functions/pi): TrueCalc PI function: The value of pi (3.14159...) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PMT](/reference/functions/pmt): TrueCalc PMT function: Periodic payment for a loan Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [POISSON.DIST](/reference/functions/poisson-dist): TrueCalc POISSON.DIST function: Poisson CDF/PMF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [POISSON](/reference/functions/poisson): TrueCalc POISSON function: Poisson distribution (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [POWER](/reference/functions/power): TrueCalc POWER function: Number raised to a power Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PPMT](/reference/functions/ppmt): TrueCalc PPMT function: Principal payment for a period Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PRICE](/reference/functions/price): TrueCalc PRICE function: Price per $100 face value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PRICEDISC](/reference/functions/pricedisc): TrueCalc PRICEDISC function: Price of discounted security Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PRICEMAT](/reference/functions/pricemat): TrueCalc PRICEMAT function: Price at maturity Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PROB](/reference/functions/prob): TrueCalc PROB function: Probability from distribution Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PRODUCT](/reference/functions/product): TrueCalc PRODUCT function: Product of arguments Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PROPER](/reference/functions/proper): TrueCalc PROPER function: Capitalize first letter of each word Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [PV](/reference/functions/pv): TrueCalc PV function: Present value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [QUARTILE.EXC](/reference/functions/quartile-exc): TrueCalc QUARTILE.EXC function: Exclusive quartile Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [QUARTILE.INC](/reference/functions/quartile-inc): TrueCalc QUARTILE.INC function: Inclusive quartile Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [QUARTILE](/reference/functions/quartile): TrueCalc QUARTILE function: Quartile (inclusive) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [QUOTIENT](/reference/functions/quotient): TrueCalc QUOTIENT function: Integer portion of division Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [RADIANS](/reference/functions/radians): TrueCalc RADIANS function: Convert degrees to radians Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [RAND](/reference/functions/rand): TrueCalc RAND function: Random number between 0 and 1 Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [RANDARRAY](/reference/functions/randarray): TrueCalc RANDARRAY function: Array of random numbers Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [RANDBETWEEN](/reference/functions/randbetween): TrueCalc RANDBETWEEN function: Random integer between two values Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [RANK.AVG](/reference/functions/rank-avg): TrueCalc RANK.AVG function: Rank with average for ties Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [RANK.EQ](/reference/functions/rank-eq): TrueCalc RANK.EQ function: Rank with equal (lowest) for ties Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [RANK](/reference/functions/rank): TrueCalc RANK function: Rank of number (ties=lowest) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [RATE](/reference/functions/rate): TrueCalc RATE function: Interest rate per period Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [RECEIVED](/reference/functions/received): TrueCalc RECEIVED function: Amount received at maturity Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [REDUCE](/reference/functions/reduce): TrueCalc REDUCE function: Reduces an array to a single value using a LAMBDA Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [REGEXEXTRACT](/reference/functions/regexextract): TrueCalc REGEXEXTRACT function: Extract first regex match from text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [REGEXMATCH](/reference/functions/regexmatch): TrueCalc REGEXMATCH function: True if text matches regex pattern Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [REGEXREPLACE](/reference/functions/regexreplace): TrueCalc REGEXREPLACE function: Replace regex matches in text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [REPLACE](/reference/functions/replace): TrueCalc REPLACE function: Replace portion of text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [REPLACEB](/reference/functions/replaceb): TrueCalc REPLACEB function: Replace portion of text by byte position Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [REPT](/reference/functions/rept): TrueCalc REPT function: Repeat text N times Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [RIGHT](/reference/functions/right): TrueCalc RIGHT function: Right portion of a string Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [RIGHTB](/reference/functions/rightb): TrueCalc RIGHTB function: Right N bytes of text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ROMAN](/reference/functions/roman): TrueCalc ROMAN function: Convert integer to Roman numeral string Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ROUND](/reference/functions/round): TrueCalc ROUND function: Round to specified decimal places Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ROUNDDOWN](/reference/functions/rounddown): TrueCalc ROUNDDOWN function: Round toward zero Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ROUNDUP](/reference/functions/roundup): TrueCalc ROUNDUP function: Round away from zero Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ROW](/reference/functions/row): TrueCalc ROW function: Returns the row number of a cell reference Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ROWS](/reference/functions/rows): TrueCalc ROWS function: Returns the number of rows in an array or range Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [RRI](/reference/functions/rri): TrueCalc RRI function: Equivalent interest rate for growth Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [RSQ](/reference/functions/rsq): TrueCalc RSQ function: R-squared of linear regression Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SCAN](/reference/functions/scan): TrueCalc SCAN function: Returns running accumulation using a LAMBDA Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SEARCH](/reference/functions/search): TrueCalc SEARCH function: Case-insensitive search with wildcards Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SEARCHB](/reference/functions/searchb): TrueCalc SEARCHB function: Case-insensitive byte-position search with wildcards Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SEC](/reference/functions/sec): TrueCalc SEC function: Secant of an angle in radians Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SECH](/reference/functions/sech): TrueCalc SECH function: Hyperbolic secant Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SECOND](/reference/functions/second): TrueCalc SECOND function: Second component of a time serial number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SEQUENCE](/reference/functions/sequence): TrueCalc SEQUENCE function: Generate a sequence of numbers Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SERIESSUM](/reference/functions/seriessum): TrueCalc SERIESSUM function: Sum of a power series Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SHEET](/reference/functions/sheet): TrueCalc SHEET function: Returns the sheet number of the current or named sheet Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SHEETS](/reference/functions/sheets): TrueCalc SHEETS function: Number of sheets in a reference or workbook Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SIGN](/reference/functions/sign): TrueCalc SIGN function: Sign of a number: -1, 0, or 1 Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SIN](/reference/functions/sin): TrueCalc SIN function: Sine of an angle in radians Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SINH](/reference/functions/sinh): TrueCalc SINH function: Hyperbolic sine Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SKEW.P](/reference/functions/skew-p): TrueCalc SKEW.P function: Population skewness Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SKEW](/reference/functions/skew): TrueCalc SKEW function: Sample skewness Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SLN](/reference/functions/sln): TrueCalc SLN function: Straight-line depreciation Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SLOPE](/reference/functions/slope): TrueCalc SLOPE function: Slope of linear regression Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SMALL](/reference/functions/small): TrueCalc SMALL function: k-th smallest value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SORT](/reference/functions/sort): TrueCalc SORT function: Sorts an array Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SORTBY](/reference/functions/sortby): TrueCalc SORTBY function: Sorts an array based on the values in corresponding arrays Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SORTN](/reference/functions/sortn): TrueCalc SORTN function: Return top N rows of an array sorted Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SPLIT](/reference/functions/split): TrueCalc SPLIT function: Split text into array by delimiter Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SQRT](/reference/functions/sqrt): TrueCalc SQRT function: Square root Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SQRTPI](/reference/functions/sqrtpi): TrueCalc SQRTPI function: Square root of n times pi Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [STANDARDIZE](/reference/functions/standardize): TrueCalc STANDARDIZE function: Standardize a value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [STDEV.P](/reference/functions/stdev-p): TrueCalc STDEV.P function: Population standard deviation Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [STDEV.S](/reference/functions/stdev-s): TrueCalc STDEV.S function: Sample standard deviation Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [STDEV](/reference/functions/stdev): TrueCalc STDEV function: Sample standard deviation Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [STDEVA](/reference/functions/stdeva): TrueCalc STDEVA function: Sample standard deviation including text and logical values Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [STDEVP](/reference/functions/stdevp): TrueCalc STDEVP function: Population standard deviation Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [STDEVPA](/reference/functions/stdevpa): TrueCalc STDEVPA function: Population standard deviation including text and logical values Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [STEYX](/reference/functions/steyx): TrueCalc STEYX function: Standard error of regression Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SUBSTITUTE](/reference/functions/substitute): TrueCalc SUBSTITUTE function: Replace occurrences of a substring Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SUBTOTAL](/reference/functions/subtotal): TrueCalc SUBTOTAL function: Apply function to a list (not supported with arrays) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SUM](/reference/functions/sum): TrueCalc SUM function: Sum of arguments Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SUMIF](/reference/functions/sumif): TrueCalc SUMIF function: Sum cells where range matches criterion Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SUMIFS](/reference/functions/sumifs): TrueCalc SUMIFS function: Sum cells where all criteria match Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SUMPRODUCT](/reference/functions/sumproduct): TrueCalc SUMPRODUCT function: Returns the sum of products of corresponding elements Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SUMSQ](/reference/functions/sumsq): TrueCalc SUMSQ function: Sum of squares of arguments Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SUMX2MY2](/reference/functions/sumx2my2): TrueCalc SUMX2MY2 function: Returns sum of (x^2 - y^2) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SUMX2PY2](/reference/functions/sumx2py2): TrueCalc SUMX2PY2 function: Returns sum of (x^2 + y^2) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SUMXMY2](/reference/functions/sumxmy2): TrueCalc SUMXMY2 function: Returns sum of squares of differences Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SWITCH](/reference/functions/switch): TrueCalc SWITCH function: Match expression against values Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [SYD](/reference/functions/syd): TrueCalc SYD function: Sum-of-years' digits depreciation Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [T.DIST.2T](/reference/functions/t-dist-2t): TrueCalc T.DIST.2T function: Student's t two-tailed CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [T.DIST.RT](/reference/functions/t-dist-rt): TrueCalc T.DIST.RT function: Student's t right-tail CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [T.DIST](/reference/functions/t-dist): TrueCalc T.DIST function: Student's t CDF/PDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [T.INV.2T](/reference/functions/t-inv-2t): TrueCalc T.INV.2T function: Student's t two-tailed inverse Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [T.INV](/reference/functions/t-inv): TrueCalc T.INV function: Student's t inverse CDF Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [T.TEST](/reference/functions/t-test): TrueCalc T.TEST function: Student's t-test Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [T](/reference/functions/t): TrueCalc T function: Return text if value is text, else empty string Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TAN](/reference/functions/tan): TrueCalc TAN function: Tangent of an angle in radians Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TANH](/reference/functions/tanh): TrueCalc TANH function: Hyperbolic tangent Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TBILLEQ](/reference/functions/tbilleq): TrueCalc TBILLEQ function: T-bill bond-equivalent yield Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TBILLPRICE](/reference/functions/tbillprice): TrueCalc TBILLPRICE function: T-bill price Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TBILLYIELD](/reference/functions/tbillyield): TrueCalc TBILLYIELD function: T-bill yield Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TDIST](/reference/functions/tdist): TrueCalc TDIST function: Student's t distribution (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TEXT](/reference/functions/text): TrueCalc TEXT function: Format number as text Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TEXTJOIN](/reference/functions/textjoin): TrueCalc TEXTJOIN function: Join values with delimiter, optionally skip empty Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TIME](/reference/functions/time): TrueCalc TIME function: Creates a time serial number from components Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TIMEVALUE](/reference/functions/timevalue): TrueCalc TIMEVALUE function: Converts a time string to a fractional serial number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TINV](/reference/functions/tinv): TrueCalc TINV function: Student's t two-tailed inverse (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TO_DATE](/reference/functions/to-date): TrueCalc TO_DATE function: Converts a number to a date serial value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TO_DOLLARS](/reference/functions/to-dollars): TrueCalc TO_DOLLARS function: Formats a number as a dollar amount Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TO_PERCENT](/reference/functions/to-percent): TrueCalc TO_PERCENT function: Formats a number as a percentage Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TO_PURE_NUMBER](/reference/functions/to-pure-number): TrueCalc TO_PURE_NUMBER function: Strips formatting and returns a plain number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TO_TEXT](/reference/functions/to-text): TrueCalc TO_TEXT function: Converts a value to its text representation Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TOCOL](/reference/functions/tocol): TrueCalc TOCOL function: Converts an array to a single column Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TODAY](/reference/functions/today): TrueCalc TODAY function: Current date as a serial number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TOROW](/reference/functions/torow): TrueCalc TOROW function: Converts an array to a single row Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TRANSPOSE](/reference/functions/transpose): TrueCalc TRANSPOSE function: Transposes the rows and columns of an array Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TREND](/reference/functions/trend): TrueCalc TREND function: Returns values along a linear trend Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TRIM](/reference/functions/trim): TrueCalc TRIM function: Remove extra whitespace Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TRIMMEAN](/reference/functions/trimmean): TrueCalc TRIMMEAN function: Trimmed mean Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TRUE](/reference/functions/true): TrueCalc TRUE function: Logical true value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TRUNC](/reference/functions/trunc): TrueCalc TRUNC function: Truncate to integer or decimal places Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TYPE](/reference/functions/type): TrueCalc TYPE function: Number indicating value type Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [TZABBR](/reference/functions/tzabbr): Use TZABBR(zoned) to get the timezone abbreviation in effect at this instant, e.g. "EDT", "CEST", "IST". For display only — abbreviations are not globally unique (IST is India, Ireland, and Israel). Never use for parsing; use the full IANA zone name 
- [TZADD](/reference/functions/tzadd): Use TZADD(zoned,amount,unit) to add time to a zone-aware instant. Seconds/minutes/hours are absolute (UTC-level). Days/weeks/months/years are calendar-aware and respect DST crossings in the stored zone, preserving wall-clock time. Optional policy arg
- [TZBOARD](/reference/functions/tzboard): Use TZBOARD(anchor,zone1,zone2,…) to get structured world-clock data: one row per zone with fields {zone, local, offset, delta, rollover, abbrev, dst}. Use to power dashboards, API responses, and custom table renderers. For a human-readable sentence 
- [TZCANONICAL](/reference/functions/tzcanonical): Use TZCANONICAL(zone) to normalise a timezone name — returns the canonical form if valid or #VALUE! if not. Note: IANA link aliases (e.g. "US/Eastern") are not resolved to their canonical target. For a simple validity check use TZVALID; TZCANONICAL i
- [TZCOMPARETEXT](/reference/functions/tzcomparetext): TZCOMPARETEXT is an alias of TZWORLDCLOCK — use TZWORLDCLOCK in new formulas. Returns a friendly one-line summary comparing a zoned instant across N other zones. Prefer TZWORLDCLOCK; TZCOMPARETEXT is retained for backward compatibility.
- [TZCONVERT](/reference/functions/tzconvert): Use TZCONVERT(zoned,target_zone) to view the same instant in a different IANA timezone — the underlying UTC moment is unchanged, only the local clock display shifts. The core "what time is it there?" function. Compose with TZDATETIME or TZNOW as inpu
- [TZDATETIME](/reference/functions/tzdatetime): Use TZDATETIME(year,month,day,hour,minute,second,zone) to build a zone-aware instant from numeric parts in any IANA timezone. Returns a Zoned value you can pass to TZCONVERT, TZDIFF, or TZWORLDCLOCK. Optional policy arg controls DST gap/fold behaviou
- [TZDBVERSION](/reference/functions/tzdbversion): Use TZDBVERSION() to get the IANA timezone database version compiled into the TrueCalc engine, e.g. "2025b". No arguments. Use in CI assertions to verify the tzdb version, or in compliance reports to document which DST rules were in effect when a cal
- [TZDIFF](/reference/functions/tzdiff): Use TZDIFF(zoned_a,zoned_b,unit) to measure elapsed time between two zone-aware instants on the absolute UTC timeline. unit is "seconds", "minutes", "hours" (default), or "days". DST-immune — counts real elapsed time. Result is positive when a is aft
- [TZFROMEPOCH](/reference/functions/tzfromepoch): Use TZFROMEPOCH(unix_seconds,zone) to convert a Unix timestamp (seconds since 1970-01-01 UTC) into a zone-aware instant displayed in the given IANA zone. Useful when ingesting API or database timestamps. Compose with TZCONVERT or TZWORLDCLOCK to disp
- [TZINWINDOW](/reference/functions/tzinwindow): Use TZINWINDOW(zoned,start,end) to check if a zone-aware instant's local time falls within [start,end). start/end are fractional days (9/24 = 9am, 17/24 = 5pm). Optional 7-char days_mask (e.g. "_MTWTF_") restricts to weekdays. Core building block for
- [TZISDST](/reference/functions/tzisdst): Use TZISDST(zoned) to check whether daylight-saving time is in effect at this instant in the stored zone. Returns TRUE or FALSE. Useful for flagging DST-sensitive rate calculations or scheduling adjustments in finance and operations workbooks.
- [TZLOCALIZE](/reference/functions/tzlocalize): Use TZLOCALIZE(date_serial,zone) to stamp an existing plain date/time serial (e.g. TODAY() or a numeric cell) with an IANA zone, making it zone-aware. Inverse of TZSERIAL. Optional policy arg handles DST ambiguity. Compose with TZCONVERT to shift zon
- [TZLOCALSTATUS](/reference/functions/tzlocalstatus): Use TZLOCALSTATUS(year,month,day,hour,minute,zone) to classify a wall-clock time as "unique" (normal), "gap" (does not exist — spring-forward DST hole), or "fold" (ambiguous — fall-back DST overlap). Run before TZDATETIME when the policy argument mat
- [TZNOW](/reference/functions/tznow): Use TZNOW(zone) to get the current moment as a zone-aware instant in the given IANA zone. Volatile — recalculates each pass — but pinned within a single recalc so all cells see the same "now". Pass to TZCONVERT, TZDIFF, or TZINWINDOW for business-hou
- [TZOFFSET](/reference/functions/tzoffset): Use TZOFFSET(zoned) to get the UTC offset in minutes at the instant encoded in the value, with DST fully resolved. New York in summer returns -240 (= −4 h). The offset can differ for the same zone at different times. Combine with TZOFFSETDIFF to comp
- [TZOFFSETDIFF](/reference/functions/tzoffsetdiff): Use TZOFFSETDIFF(zoned_a,zoned_b) to get the signed difference in UTC offset minutes between two zone-aware instants. Positive if a is ahead of b. Berlin vs New York in summer returns +360 (Berlin is 6 h ahead). Useful for "X hours ahead/behind" disp
- [TZOVERLAP](/reference/functions/tzoverlap): Use TZOVERLAP(zones,start,end,date) to find the first daily window when ALL listed zones are simultaneously within [start,end) local time. Returns {start_instant,end_instant} or "No overlap". The scheduling function: "find a meeting slot that works i
- [TZPARSE](/reference/functions/tzparse): Use TZPARSE(text) to parse an ISO 8601 or RFC-9557 timestamp string (e.g. "2026-07-14T09:00:00-04:00[America/New_York]") into a zone-aware instant. Optional second arg provides a fallback zone when the string has no zone annotation. Inverse of TZSTRI
- [TZPART](/reference/functions/tzpart): Use TZPART(zoned,unit) to extract a local wall-clock field from a zone-aware instant. unit is one of "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second", or "weekday" (1=Sunday). Works like YEAR()/MONTH()/HOUR() but for Zoned values. Compose with TZCO
- [TZSERIAL](/reference/functions/tzserial): Use TZSERIAL(zoned) to strip the zone from a zone-aware instant and return the local wall-clock time as a plain date/time serial. Lets you feed zone-aware values into ordinary functions like YEAR(), HOUR(), or NETWORKDAYS(). Inverse of TZLOCALIZE.
- [TZSTRING](/reference/functions/tzstring): Use TZSTRING(zoned) to get the canonical RFC-9557 wire-format string for a zone-aware instant, e.g. "2026-07-14T09:00:00-04:00[America/New_York]". Use for storage, API payloads, and logging. Inverse of TZPARSE. For a human-readable label use TZTEXT i
- [TZTABLE](/reference/functions/tztable): TZTABLE is an alias of TZBOARD — use TZBOARD in new formulas. Returns structured world-clock data (one row per zone with local time, offset, DST flag, etc.) for dashboards and API responses. Prefer TZBOARD; TZTABLE is retained for backward compatibil
- [TZTEXT](/reference/functions/tztext): Use TZTEXT(zoned) to get a human-readable local time string like "2026-07-14 09:00:00". An optional strftime format string (e.g. "%A, %B %d at %H:%M") customises the output. Use for display labels in UIs and reports. For machine-parseable output use 
- [TZVALID](/reference/functions/tzvalid): Use TZVALID(zone) to check whether a text string is a recognised IANA zone name (e.g. "America/New_York") or fixed-offset string (e.g. "+05:30"). Returns TRUE or FALSE. Use to validate user-supplied zone names before passing them to TZDATETIME, TZCON
- [TZWORLDCLOCK](/reference/functions/tzworldclock): Use TZWORLDCLOCK(anchor,zone1,zone2,…) to get a friendly one-line natural-language summary comparing the anchor instant across N zones, e.g. "It is 22:00 Tue for you (Asia/Tokyo). Asia/Kolkata is 3:30 behind (18:30)." Designed for chat interfaces, AI
- [UNICHAR](/reference/functions/unichar): TrueCalc UNICHAR function: Unicode character from code point Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [UNICODE](/reference/functions/unicode): TrueCalc UNICODE function: Unicode code point of first character Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [UNIQUE](/reference/functions/unique): TrueCalc UNIQUE function: Returns unique rows or columns from an array Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [UPPER](/reference/functions/upper): TrueCalc UPPER function: Convert to uppercase Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [VALUE](/reference/functions/value): TrueCalc VALUE function: Convert text to number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [VAR.P](/reference/functions/var-p): TrueCalc VAR.P function: Population variance Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [VAR.S](/reference/functions/var-s): TrueCalc VAR.S function: Sample variance Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [VAR](/reference/functions/var): TrueCalc VAR function: Sample variance Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [VARA](/reference/functions/vara): TrueCalc VARA function: Sample variance including text and logical values Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [VARP](/reference/functions/varp): TrueCalc VARP function: Population variance Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [VARPA](/reference/functions/varpa): TrueCalc VARPA function: Population variance including text and logical values Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [VDB](/reference/functions/vdb): TrueCalc VDB function: Variable-rate declining balance Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [VLOOKUP](/reference/functions/vlookup): TrueCalc VLOOKUP function: Searches first column of range, returns value from index column Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [VSTACK](/reference/functions/vstack): TrueCalc VSTACK function: Vertically stacks arrays Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [WEEKDAY](/reference/functions/weekday): TrueCalc WEEKDAY function: Day of week as a number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [WEEKNUM](/reference/functions/weeknum): TrueCalc WEEKNUM function: Week number of the year for a date Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [WEIBULL.DIST](/reference/functions/weibull-dist): TrueCalc WEIBULL.DIST function: Weibull distribution Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [WEIBULL](/reference/functions/weibull): TrueCalc WEIBULL function: Weibull distribution (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [WORKDAY.INTL](/reference/functions/workday-intl): TrueCalc WORKDAY.INTL function: Date N working days from start with custom weekends Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [WORKDAY](/reference/functions/workday): TrueCalc WORKDAY function: Date N working days from start date Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [WRAPCOLS](/reference/functions/wrapcols): TrueCalc WRAPCOLS function: Wraps a vector into columns of the given length Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [WRAPROWS](/reference/functions/wraprows): TrueCalc WRAPROWS function: Wraps a vector into rows of the given length Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [XIRR](/reference/functions/xirr): TrueCalc XIRR function: IRR for irregular cash flows Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [XLOOKUP](/reference/functions/xlookup): TrueCalc XLOOKUP function: Modern lookup function with fallback and match options Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [XMATCH](/reference/functions/xmatch): TrueCalc XMATCH function: Modern MATCH function with match and search mode options Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [XNPV](/reference/functions/xnpv): TrueCalc XNPV function: NPV for irregular cash flows Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [XOR](/reference/functions/xor): TrueCalc XOR function: True if an odd number of arguments are true Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [YEAR](/reference/functions/year): TrueCalc YEAR function: Year from a date serial number Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [YEARFRAC](/reference/functions/yearfrac): TrueCalc YEARFRAC function: Fraction of year between two dates Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [YIELD](/reference/functions/yield): TrueCalc YIELD function: Yield on a coupon bond Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [YIELDDISC](/reference/functions/yielddisc): TrueCalc YIELDDISC function: Annual yield for discounted security Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [YIELDMAT](/reference/functions/yieldmat): TrueCalc YIELDMAT function: Annual yield at maturity Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [Z.TEST](/reference/functions/z-test): TrueCalc Z.TEST function: Z-test p-value Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.
- [ZTEST](/reference/functions/ztest): TrueCalc ZTEST function: Z-test p-value (legacy) Google Sheets/Excel conformant with fixture-verified behavior.

## Reference

- [Dialects (Sheets vs Excel)](/reference/dialects): Behavior differences between the Google Sheets and Excel engine flavors, and why you must always pick one.
- [Error codes](/reference/errors): The spreadsheet error values TrueCalc can return, and what each one means.
- [Reference](/reference): Look up TrueCalc functions, error codes, dialect differences, and the workbook JSON schema.
- [Performance](/reference/performance): Live benchmark results for truecalc-workbook — recalculation throughput and serialization timing, measured on CI.
- [Workbook JSON schema](/reference/schema): The workbook JSON schema v1 — the cross-surface contract shared by Rust, WASM, MCP, and the hosted API.
- [Test Strategy](/reference/testing): How truecalc verifies formula correctness against Google Sheets, and how to read the conformance results.

## API

- [API](/api): Integrate TrueCalc — MCP tools for agents, REST endpoints for services, and the Rust/npm packages.
- [Commands](/api/rest/commands): Catalog of all 63 commands accepted by the TrueCalc REST API's command endpoint (POST /workbooks/{id}/commands), grouped by category with each command's required fields.
- [REST API](/api/rest): The TrueCalc REST API is a pre-release command/query API: POST /workbooks/{id}/commands accepts 61 discriminated-union command types covering nearly every spreadsheet operation. Not yet deployed; does not authenticate callers.
- [chart:insert](/api/mcp/chart-insert): Inserts a chart.
- [chart:remove](/api/mcp/chart-remove): Removes a chart.
- [chart:update](/api/mcp/chart-update): Updates a chart.
- [clipboard:paste](/api/mcp/clipboard-paste): Pastes previously copied or cut cells into a range.
- [data:clearFilter](/api/mcp/data-clear-filter): Clears the filter.
- [data:deleteNamedRange](/api/mcp/data-delete-named-range): Deletes the named range.
- [data:insertPivot](/api/mcp/data-insert-pivot): Inserts a pivot table summarizing a range.
- [data:setFilter](/api/mcp/data-set-filter): Sets the filter.
- [data:setNamedRange](/api/mcp/data-set-named-range): Sets the named range.
- [data:setValidation](/api/mcp/data-set-validation): Sets the validation.
- [data:sortRange](/api/mcp/data-sort-range): Sorts the range.
- [edit:autofill](/api/mcp/edit-autofill): Autofills cell contents.
- [edit:clear](/api/mcp/edit-clear): Clears cell contents.
- [edit:fillDown](/api/mcp/edit-fill-down): Fills a range downward from its top row.
- [edit:fillRight](/api/mcp/edit-fill-right): Fills a range rightward from its left column.
- [edit:findReplace](/api/mcp/edit-find-replace): Finds and replaces text within a range.
- [edit:setCell](/api/mcp/edit-set-cell): Sets the cell.
- [edit:setValues](/api/mcp/edit-set-values): Sets the values.
- [file:export](/api/mcp/file-export): Exports a workbook file.
- [file:import](/api/mcp/file-import): Imports a workbook file.
- [format:clear](/api/mcp/format-clear): Clears cell formatting.
- [format:fillColor](/api/mcp/format-fill-color): Sets the background fill color of a range.
- [format:setAlign](/api/mcp/format-set-align): Sets the horizontal text alignment of a range.
- [format:setBandedRange](/api/mcp/format-set-banded-range): Sets the banded range.
- [format:setBold](/api/mcp/format-set-bold): Turns bold formatting on or off for a range.
- [format:setBorders](/api/mcp/format-set-borders): Sets the borders.
- [format:setConditionalFormat](/api/mcp/format-set-conditional-format): Sets the conditional format.
- [format:setDecimals](/api/mcp/format-set-decimals): Sets the decimals.
- [format:setFontFamily](/api/mcp/format-set-font-family): Sets the font family.
- [format:setFontSize](/api/mcp/format-set-font-size): Sets the font size.
- [format:setItalic](/api/mcp/format-set-italic): Turns italic formatting on or off for a range.
- [format:setNumberFormat](/api/mcp/format-set-number-format): Sets the number format.
- [format:setRotation](/api/mcp/format-set-rotation): Sets the rotation.
- [format:setStrike](/api/mcp/format-set-strike): Turns strikethrough formatting on or off for a range.
- [format:setUnderline](/api/mcp/format-set-underline): Turns underline formatting on or off for a range.
- [format:setValign](/api/mcp/format-set-valign): Sets the vertical text alignment of a range.
- [format:setWrap](/api/mcp/format-set-wrap): Sets the text-wrapping mode of a range.
- [format:textColor](/api/mcp/format-text-color): Sets the text color of a range.
- [history:redo](/api/mcp/history-redo): Re-applies the most recently undone edit.
- [history:restore](/api/mcp/history-restore): Restores the workbook to a specific point in its edit history.
- [history:undo](/api/mcp/history-undo): Undoes the workbook's most recent edit.
- [MCP server](/api/mcp): TrueCalc's MCP server: a native process exposing 66 tools (edit, format, structure, data, chart, sheet, read, history, file, view, clipboard) for reading and editing one open workbook, for MCP clients like Claude Desktop and Claude Code.
- [read:getBandedRanges](/api/mcp/read-get-banded-ranges): Gets the banded ranges.
- [read:getCharts](/api/mcp/read-get-charts): Gets the charts.
- [read:getConditionalFormats](/api/mcp/read-get-conditional-formats): Gets the conditional formats.
- [read:getExtent](/api/mcp/read-get-extent): Gets the extent.
- [read:getFormats](/api/mcp/read-get-formats): Gets the formats.
- [read:getNamedRanges](/api/mcp/read-get-named-ranges): Gets the named ranges.
- [read:getRange](/api/mcp/read-get-range): Gets the range.
- [read:getSheets](/api/mcp/read-get-sheets): Gets the sheets.
- [read:getValues](/api/mcp/read-get-values): Gets the values.
- [sheet:add](/api/mcp/sheet-add): Adds a sheet.
- [sheet:delete](/api/mcp/sheet-delete): Deletes a sheet.
- [sheet:rename](/api/mcp/sheet-rename): Renames a sheet.
- [sheet:reorder](/api/mcp/sheet-reorder): Reorders a sheet.
- [sheet:setActive](/api/mcp/sheet-set-active): Sets the active sheet.
- [structure:deleteColumn](/api/mcp/structure-delete-column): Deletes the column.
- [structure:deleteRow](/api/mcp/structure-delete-row): Deletes the row.
- [structure:insertColumn](/api/mcp/structure-insert-column): Inserts the column.
- [structure:insertRow](/api/mcp/structure-insert-row): Inserts the row.
- [structure:mergeCells](/api/mcp/structure-merge-cells): Merges the cells.
- [structure:mergeHorizontally](/api/mcp/structure-merge-horizontally): Merges each row of a range into one cell, horizontally.
- [structure:mergeVertically](/api/mcp/structure-merge-vertically): Merges each column of a range into one cell, vertically.
- [structure:reorderColumns](/api/mcp/structure-reorder-columns): Reorders the columns.
- [structure:reorderRows](/api/mcp/structure-reorder-rows): Reorders the rows.
- [structure:unmergeCells](/api/mcp/structure-unmerge-cells): Splits previously merged cells back apart.
- [view:setPageSetup](/api/mcp/view-set-page-setup): Sets the page setup.
- [Create a workbook (convenience route)](/api/rest/reference/create-workbook): TrueCalc REST API: Create a workbook (convenience route). Pre-release — see /api/rest for deployment and auth status.
- [Read a single cell](/api/rest/reference/get-cell): TrueCalc REST API: Read a single cell. Pre-release — see /api/rest for deployment and auth status.
- [Read a workbook's checkpoint](/api/rest/reference/get-workbook): TrueCalc REST API: Read a workbook's checkpoint. Pre-release — see /api/rest for deployment and auth status.
- [Apply a batch of commands to a workbook](/api/rest/reference/post-commands): TrueCalc REST API: Apply a batch of commands to a workbook. Pre-release — see /api/rest for deployment and auth status.

## Last updated

September 3, 2026